The Greek Philosophy Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle希腊哲学苏格拉底柏拉图亚里士多德.pptVIP

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The Greek Philosophy Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle希腊哲学苏格拉底柏拉图亚里士多德.ppt

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The Greek Philosophy Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle希腊哲学苏格拉底柏拉图亚里士多德

[ The Greek Philosophy ] Ancient Greek Philosophy In ancient Greece (c. 5th centurt B. C.) physics and astronomy were included as parts of “philosophy”— “the love of wisdom”. deals with the universe as a whole seeks to view the entire universe seeks to trace everything back to its “ultimate grounds”. Ancient Greek Philosophy What is the origin of the universe? e.g. the science of geometry deals with the law of space, but it takes space for granted (no geometrician asks what space is), BUT, “space” is a problem for philosophy. e.g. “universe” Philosophy and the Universe Philosophy seeks to know why there is a universe at all e.g. the law of “causation” everything which has a beginning has a cause [Plato: “the unmoved mover, the uncaused cause” — the prime mover 原動力] Therefore, Philosophy deals with the universe as a whole; and it seeks to take nothing for granted The Earliest Greek Philosophy The Ionic School (Thales, Anaximander, Anaximenes = men of Ionia, coast of Asia Minor) ? Thales (c. 624-550B.C.) founder or father of the Ionic School of philosophy, famous for his mathematical astronomical learning for his practical wisdom Thales’s Philosophy that the principle of all things is water, that all comes from water, to water all returns that the earth is a flat disc which floats upon water The significance of Thales is not that this “water” philosophy has any value in itself, but that this was the first recorded attempt to explain the universe on naturalistic and scientific principles (not by myths Gods). Thales’s Philosophy Thales asserted that the ultimate reality is “water” Later, Anaximander: “indefinite matter” Anaximenes: “air” Pythagoras: “number” Heracleitus: “fire” Empedocles: “the 4 elements” (地、水、火、風) Democritus: “atoms” Therefore, this 1st period (pre-Socratic) = essentially cosmological in character Anaximander Anaximander, c. 611-547 B.C. Anaximander agreed with Thales that the ultimate principle of things is material, but he did not name it