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Methods of Studying Infant Perception Habituation: Discrimination learning “learning to be bored” Preferential looking Study of visual acuity Evoked potentials: recorded as child looks Operant conditioning R+ of one stimulus in a pair Vision Present at birth Detect changes in brightness Visually track moving objects By 4 months can discriminate colors Visual acuity at about 8 inches Prefer contour, contrast, movement Prefer complex over simple patterns Prefer human face over all Vision 2 Depth perception Newborns appear to have size constancy The visual cliff: Gibson Walk (1960) A crawler (7 mo) will not cross the cliff Can perceive the cliff by 2 months Fear of drop-off requires crawling Infants as intuitive theorists: able to make sense of the world Hearing and Speech Humans can hear well before birth Newborns discriminate sounds that differ in loudness, duration, direction, and pitch Two-3 month olds distinguish phonemes Eimas (1985) “Ba Pa” studies Newborns prefer female/mother’s voice Lose sensitivity to sounds not needed for home language Taste and Smell Newborns can distinguish between sweet, bitter, and sour tastes Show a clear preference for sweet Facial expressions reflect taste Cry and turn away from unpleasant smells Breast-fed babies recognize mother’s smell Mothers can identify their newborns by smell Touch, Temperature, and Pain Sense of touch( motion) before birth Useful for soothing a fussy baby At birth sensitivity to warm and cold Clearly sensitive to painful stimuli Do babies require anesthesia for surgery? More harm from stress of pain Recommended for circumcisions Integrating Sensory Information Vision touch, vision hearing are interrelated within the first month Cross-modal perception: previously seen objects hidden a bag are identified by touch Very early perceptual abilities are evidence for “Nature” Sensory system requires stimulation to develop normally First 3-4 months considered critical The development of Attention