Three Dimensional Photonic Crystals Server三维光子晶体服务器.pptVIP

Three Dimensional Photonic Crystals Corey Ulmer Outline What are Photonic Crystals/Why Important? How They Work Manufacturing Challenges Manufacturing Techniques Layer by layer techs. Serial tech. Mass production tech. Conclusions What Are They? Photonic crystals analogous to semiconductors Crystal structure gives rise to band gap Photons inside band gap reflect off material Why Do They Matter? Used in Lossless reflective coatings on mirrors/lenses Iridescent paint Low threshold laser diode How Does it Work? Alternating dielectrics – high contrast Repeating periodic structure gives rise to forbidden zones Band gap size dependent primarily on a diff in dielectric constant, frequency dependent primarily on cell size Example here is 1D (layers) – 1D always has a complete band gap (gap covers all phase, k) How Does it Work? In 3D, allowed energies MUCH more complicated Not all geometries have complete band gap (does not block in all directions) However! If all it does is block light, it’s not useful Intentional defects allow control of light – waveguides, logic gates Manufacturing Challenges Technique must produce repeating structure accurately Must be able to introduce controlled defects accurately Band gap must be at useful wavelength (feature size) Cost and speed of production help Larger band gap makes system more fault-tolerant (dielectric constants and geometry) Layer by Layer: Electron Beam Lithography E-Beam PMMA pattern, Reactive Ion Etch Si, fill w/ dielectric, mechanically smooth, spin on PMMA, repeat Defects are introduced by over-etching individual cylinders Method produces large band gap, can be adapted for other materials Layer by Layer: Woodpile Process very similar to previous method Grooves etched in substrate, filled with dielectric, mechanically smoothed, repeat with groves at 90° 3rd layer offset by ? unit cell Many different variations on tech. – repeat layers, wafer press Fair sized band gap, has been developed for many materials Serial: 2