Volcanoes and Igneous Activity Earth Chapter 4火山和岩浆活动地球第4章.pptVIP

Prentice Hall EARTH SCIENCE Tarbuck Lutgens Chapter 2 2.1 Matter 2.1 Matter 2.1 Matter Model of an Atom 2.1 Matter 2.1 Matter 2.1 Matter 2.2 Minerals 2.2 Minerals Minerals Formed as a Result of Crystallization of Magma 2.2 Minerals The Silicon-Oxygen Tetrahedron Silicon-Oxygen Chains, Sheets, and Three-Dimensional Networks 2.2 Minerals 2.2 Minerals Sulfides Native Copper 2.3 Properties of Minerals 2.3 Properties of Minerals 2.3 Properties of Minerals Pyrite (Fool’s Gold) Displays Metallic Luster. 2.3 Properties of Minerals Quartz Often Exhibits Good Crystal Form. 2.3 Properties of Minerals Mohs Scale of Hardness 2.3 Properties of Minerals Mica Has Cleavage in One Direction 2.3 Properties of Minerals Conchoidal Fracture 2.3 Properties of Minerals 2.3 Properties of Minerals Density ? Density is a property of all matter that is the ratio of an object’s mass to its volume. ? Minerals Elements and the Periodic Table ? Elements are the basic building blocks of minerals. ? Over 100 elements are known. Atoms ? Smallest particles of matter ? Have all the characteristics of an element neutrons, which have neutral electrical charges ? The nucleus is the central part of an atom and contains protons, which have positive electrical charges Atoms ? Energy levels, or shells surround the nucleus contain electrons—negatively charged particles ? The atomic number is the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom. Isotopes ? Many isotopes are radioactive and emit energy and particles. ? Isotopes of an element have the same number of protons but varying numbers of neutrons. ? Have different mass numbers: the sum of the neutrons plus protons ? The mass number is the number of neutrons and protons in the nucleus of an atom. Why Atoms Bond A compound consists of two or more elements that are chemically combined in specific proportions. ? When an atom’s outermost energy level does not contain the maximum number of electrons, the atom is l