What is a Mineral University of Maryland, College Park什么是矿物马里兰大学大学公园.pptVIP

Good Web Sites about Minerals: /images/gems/gems-icons.html Smithsonian Gem and Mineral Collection -- lots of spectacular mineral pictures and good information The Rock Cycle A model that describes all the crustal processes by which rock is formed, modified, transported, decomposed, and reformed. Rocks are made up of minerals What is a Mineral? Occurs naturally Not previously living (inorganic) Solid Definite chemical composition Orderly internal atomic arrangement Ivory, bone, seashells, coral, petrified wood, and other previously living things… are NOT minerals Minerals are made up of atoms Atomic number = number of protons; gives atoms their distinctive characteristics. Atomic mass = protons plus neutrons Ions combine to form compounds Here, the Li atom loses an electron to become a + positively charged cation. The F atom gains an electron to become a negatively charged anion. Positive and negative charges attract each other to form an IONIC BOND Covalent Bonding -- atoms share electrons to form a strong bond. Van der Waals Bonding -- a weak bond caused by a weak secondary attraction between molecules. Orderly array of atoms in the mineral Galena:large atoms - sulfur, small - lead As seen with a scanning-tunneling microscope The orderly arrangement of atoms in Galena controls its physical properties. Crystal Interfacial Angles Crystal Interfacial Angles Even when the crystals are different sizes, angles between equivalent faces are the same For different minerals, angles are different. Habit Habit Crystal shape and Habit result from internal atomic structure Cleavage - tendency to break along planes of weak bonds Mica cleaves along planes of the weakest bonds Fracture describes how a mineral breaks on an irregular surface rather than along cleavage planes Hardness The 10 minerals of Mohs relative hardness scale Luster Metallic Luster is characteristic of ore minerals and others that contain metal cations. Resinous luster in sphalerite Pearly luster