World War I and the Great Russian Revolution世界大战与伟大的俄国革命.pptVIP

World War I andthe Great Russian Revolution Chapter 11 The Great War Begins Chapter #11 Section #1 Alliances Draw Lines In the early 1900s, powerful forces were pushing Europe towards war. Ignited by distrust of one another, the great powers of Europe –Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy, Britain, France, and Russia –signed treaties pledging to defend one another. These treaties were designed to promote peace by creating powerful combinations that no one would dare attack. The opposite occurred, as two huge alliances emerged. The Triple Alliance German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck formed the Triple Alliance with Italy, and Austria-Hungary to prevent France from attacking; who wanted to avenge their defeat in the Franco-Prussian War. Germany, Italy, and Austria-Hungary became known as the Central Powers. The Triple Entente In 1904 France and Britain signed an entente, a nonbinding agreement to follow common policies. It led to close military and diplomatic ties. Britain later signed a similar agreement with Russia. When the Great War began, these powers became known as the Allies. Rivalries and Nationalism Increase Tension Tensions rise in Europe due to: - economic rivalries - competition for colonies overseas - militarism, or the glorification of the military, also helped to increase the arms (weapons) race. - aggressive nationalism began to divide Europe. Germany and France had strong nationalists. - Russia supported all Slavic peoples called Pan- Slavism, including Serbia, a young nation and Slav state. - Balkan Wars – several Balkan states attacked Turkey and succeeded in taking a large area of land away from Turkish control. The Balkan states then fought each other over the spoils of the war. These tensions raised to a fever pitch as the Balkans became known as the “powder keg of Europe” – a tiny spark could explode into war. The Powder Keg of Europe The Powder Keg Ignites Assassination in Sarajevo: - Archduke