Why Single Dish Darrel Emerson NRAO Tucson naic为什么单碟达雷尔艾默生NRAO图森奈克.pptVIP

Why Single Dish?Chris SalterNAIC, Arecibo Observatorywith IMMENSE THANKS toDarrel Emerson, NRAO Tucson Phased Array (Adding Interferometer) vs. Correlation Interferometer 2-Element Phased array: Signal into each antenna element: a, b Noise of each antenna amplifier: A, B Before detector: ? ? (A + a) + (B + b) After detector: ? ? [(A+a) + (B+b)]2 or ? A2 + B2 + a2 + b2 + 2.(A.a + A.b + B.a + B.b + A.B + a.b) Time-averaged products of uncorrelated quantities tend to zero, so this averages to just: A2 + B2 + a2 + b2 + 2.a.b Phased Array (Adding Interferometer)vs. Correlation Interferometer Phased Array (Adding Interferometer) is the same as the Single-dish telescope (just missing some metal using more cable instead). Single Dish very susceptible to changes in receiver gain, and to changes in receiver noise temperature  Correlation Interferometer nearly immune to receiver gain and noise changes  Some source distributions, or combination of sources may be invisible to the correlation interferometer. Spatial Frequencies: Single Dish vs. Interferometer Single Dish has a high-end spatial frequency cut-off in resolution set by its diameter  Interferometer has a low-end spatial frequency cut-off set by its minimum antenna separation  Sometimes, the interferometer low frequency cut-off is advantageous Usually, Single Dish maps are analysed in a way that removes the lowest spatial frequencies too. We dont normally want the 3 K cosmic background in our data  The relative flux in low spatial frequencies is typically far greater than that at higher spatial frequencies For cases where we DO want large scale structure, we may HAVE TO use a Single Dish. Practical Advantages of Single Dish observing: Spatial frequency response Sensitivity: Sensitivity in Jy (point source) depends just on collecting area, SD or Interferometer. Sensitivity in brightness temperature K (extended emission) gets WORSE as (Max.Baseline) squared, for the same collecting