[资料]第十六章虚拟语气.docVIP

虚拟语气 【 知识精讲】虚拟语气是一种动词形式，表示说话人的一种愿望，假设，怀疑，猜测， 建议等，所表示的含义是不可能实现的愿望，与客观存在的事实相反。现将其用法总结如下： 一、 虚拟语气在非真实条件句中的用法 如果所表示的条件是真实的或极有可能实现，称为真实条件句，其主句和从句的谓语都用陈述语气。 If you work hard, you will be successful one day. 如果所表示的条件不能实现或实际可能性不大的情况，就采用虚拟语气。虚拟语气根据它所表达的时间概念可分为如下三种： If 条件从句 主句 与现在的事实相反 动词过去式（be 用 were） Should/would/could/might + 动词原形 与过去的事实相反 Had + 过去分词 Should/would/could/ might+ have +过去分词 与将来的事实相反 ①动词过去式 ②were to +动词原形 ③should+动词原形 Should/would/could/might + 动词原形 If we had time now, we would read it again. If we had driven in turn, you wouldn’t have got so tired. If it were to snow /should snow tomorrow, we should go outing. 注意1：在正式文体中，虚拟条件句中有were, had, should时, 可把if省略而把were, had, should放在主语前,用倒装结构。如果句中没有were，had或should时，既不能省略if，也不能倒装。 Were I to meet him tomorrow (= If I were to met him tomorrow), I should inform him about it. Had I had the money yesterday (= If I had had the money yesterday), I would have bought the book. Should It rain tomorrow (=If It should rain tomorrow), the sports meeting would be put off. 注意2： 通常情况下，在非真实条件句中主句和从句的谓语动词所指时间是一致的，但有时也可能指不同的时间，这时要根据上下文的意思采用不同的谓语动词形式,我们把这种现象称作错综时间的虚拟句 If I were you, I would have taken his advice. (从句指现在, 主句指过去)。 If I had taken my raincoat with me this morning, I would not be wet now. (从句指过去,主句指现在)。 If we hadn’t been working hard in the past few years, things wouldn’t be going so smoothly. (从句指过去，主句指现在)。 If we had not got everything ready by now, we should be having a more terrible time tomorrow. (从句指现在，主句指将来) 注意3：有时假设的情况并不以条件从句形式表示出来，而是通过一个介词短语或其他方式表示。我们通常把它称作含蓄虚拟条件句。 ①常用的介词有：without, but for, under, with等。 Without your help, we could not have succeeded. But for the heavy snow, we would have arrived here yesterday. Under such circumstances, I would have done the same. With better living condition, the old couple could have lived longer. ②在but ,or ,otherwise引导的虚拟语气中,实际上是由一个表真实情况的句子和一个表虚拟语气的句子的混合。 I would have lent the money to you, but I had no money yesterday.（虚拟+真实） He was having a meeting; otherwise he would have c