系统工程复习课件.ppt

2007 SYSTEMS ENGINEERING 2007 SYSTEMS ENGINEERING Systems Engineering Review 系统工程 Chapter 1 Introduction to Systems Engineering 1.1Attributes Characterizing Systems (1)Four Basic Attributes of the System (1) Assemblage(集合). A system consists of a number of distinguishable units (elements, components, factors, subsystems, etc.), which may be physical or conceptual, natural or artificial. For Example, Consider a university as a system for producing educated graduates. Some of the parts of the university system are structural or static components, such as university buildings. As the system is operating, these structural components usually do not change much. Operating components are dynamic and perform processing such as the professors in a university who teach students. Flow components are often material, energy, or information; but in this example, students are the parts that flow or matriculate through the university system 1.1.1Four Basic Attributes of the System (2) Relationship. Several units assembled together are merely a group or a set. For such a group to be admissible as a system, a relationship or an interaction must exist among the units. The systems point of view also recognizes that a problem and its solution have many elements or components, and there are many different relations among them. For example, grades are one mechanism（机制） for interaction between professors and students. Grades serve a purpose, intended or not. 1.1.1Four Basic Attributes of the System (3) Goal-seeking. An actual system as a whole performs a certain function or aims at single or multiple objectives. Wherever these objectives are attained at their maximum/minimum levels, system optimization is said to have been performed. An objective that is measurable by any means is called a goal/target. For example ：A manufacturing system effectively converts resources of production into produced goods (products), attaining an objective that creates high utilit