英语修辞学课件.ppt

1. Invention is about the discovery of valid or seemingly valid arguments, mainly concerns who, what, when, where, how and why. This is the art of discovering a means for finding arguments on any topic. 2. Arrangement is about how to organize the proofs effectively. This is the method of organizing an argument. 3. Style is about diction and the organization of phrase, i.e., about effective sentences, clarity, force and beauty and using figures of speech. 4. Memory is the art of committing the speech to memory by mnemonic devices. A mnemonic relies not only on repetition to remember facts, but also on creating associations among easy-to-remember constructs and lists of data. 5. Delivery is the art of speaking concerning the speakers’ pose, tone, gesture, facial expression, and so forth. John Locke, English philosopher of the late 17th c., described rhetoric as “the science of oratory (演讲)”, or “the art of speaking with propriety, elegance, and force”. In the 19th c., rhetoric came to be understood as the ability to write or speak well in ornate (词藻华丽的), showy language. Overuse of these figures in speech or writing gave them a bad reputation. They once became associated with “artifice” and “ornamentation” and even with verbal hypocrisy（虚伪造作）. Present tendency: There are still people who equate rhetoric with the adoption of stylistic devices or the use of figures of speech in speech or writing. More and more people have come to regard rhetoric as the art of effective communication. Furthermore, rhetoric tends to be connected more with writing than with speech, and more with prose than with verse. Rhetoric: the art of speaking or writing to persuade or influence people. ------ (Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, 1995) Rhetoric: art of using words impressively in speech and writing. ------ (Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English, 1984) two main rhetoric trends in contemporary western culture: a) Stylis