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FlameTestsofMetalCations-SantaMonicaCollege
Flame Tests of Metal Cations
Objectives
The objectives of this lab are to:
a) Perform flame tests of metal cations in order to observe their characteristic colors,
b) Match the flame colors observed to an appropriate wavelength of visible light, and then perform
calculations to determine the frequency and energy of the emitted photons,
c) Relate these results to the types of electronic transitions occurring in these elements,
d) Practice writing electron configurations for these (and other) elements.
Background
Electromagnetic radiation is composed of perpendicular waves oscillating in the electric and magnetic
fields (through space or matter). These waves are characterized by their wavelength (λ) and frequency
(υ). Wavelength is defined as the distance between successive crests (or troughs) on a wave, and is
measured in meters. Frequency is defined as the number of waves that pass a given point every second,
and is measured in 1/seconds, or Hertz (Hz).
8
All electromagnetic waves travel at the speed of light (c), or 2.998 x 10 m/s. The relationship between
the wavelength, frequency and speed of an electromagnetic wave is given by the equation:
c λ×υ
Electromagnetic radiation also occurs as discreet packets of energy (or quanta) called photons. The
energy per photon (in Joules) is given by the equation:
E h ×υ
photon
Here, h is Planck’s constant, which has a value of 6.626 x 10-34 J?s.
Visible light is the most familiar example of electromagnetic radiation. Differences in the wavelengths
of visible light are manifested as different colors, shown i
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