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self-excitedvibration
SELF-EXCITED VIBRATION
The force acting on a vibrating object is usually external to the system and independent of the motion. However, there are systems in which the exciting force is a function of the motion variables (displacement, velocity or acceleration) and thus varies with the motion it produces (called coupling). Friction-induced vibration (in vehicle clutches and brakes, vehicle-bridge interaction) and flow-induced vibration (circular wood saws, CDs, DVDs, in machining, fluid-conveying pipelines) are examples of self-excited vibration
Example 1: a mass supported by a spring is carried by a moving belt through friction.
The friction coefficient at the mass and belt interface is a function of the relative velocity between the mass and the belt as
The equation of motion of the mass is
or
negative damping causing (initially) divergent vibration
As vibration grows, velocity and hence relative velocity . This causes the friction coefficient to decrease (see m – v curve) and then vibration decreases. This cycle of increasing and decreasing vibration repeats itself forever (unless there is structural damping). The moving belt can sustain vibration — self-excited vibration.
Example 2: a solid oscillating in a fluid can interact with the fluid and produce interesting behaviour. The relative airflow against the oscillating solid modifies the velocity vector and thus the lift and drag force acting on the solid.
The lift force f is
Which term varies with time on the right ?
/products/analysis_replays/turbulent_flow/default.asp?sQuery=vortex%20shedding
Due to vibration of the cylinder, the lift coefficient is no longer a constant because of shedding of vortices. It may be expressed as
( for cylinder)
and
where is the Strouhal number. For , .
So when
the cylinder vibrates violently (in resonance) in the flow. When flow velocity becomes high enough, the flow becomes turbulent, and the lift force becomes random.
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