EvaluatethefollowingstatementSpanishandPortuguese.docVIP

CHAPTER 19 20 QUESTIONS FOR RE VIEW Evaluate the following statement: Spanish and Portuguese colonies were extensions of the global network of the West. The mixed economies established in Latin America initially were based on estate agriculture systems (sugar) staffed by coerced labor (African slaves or encomienda grants). Mining—silver by the Spanish, gold and diamonds in Brazil—developed later. Ranching developed to supply local demands, as did small industries, such as textiles.The result was an economy typical of the dependent economic zone in the global trade network.The Iberian nations served as a conduit of American goods to the core economic region of northwestern Europe. Both nations failed to develop banking systems or industrial capacity. Their negative balance of trade led to the outflow of bullion from the New World to the core economic region. Compare the social organization of the Americas and Europe, and explain why the differences in social hierarchy contributed to a sense of self-identity in the colonies. The great difference was the significance of color and the existence of miscegenation. Their presence created a social hierarchy based not so much on wealth or the prestige associated with social function that was typical in Europe but on a hierarchy based on color. Whites (divided into peninsulares and Creoles) were at the top, mixed races (castas) in the middle, and blacks and Indians at the bottom. The distinct social system gave rise to a sense of self-identity, especially among Creoles and castas. It created a sense of difference from Europeans, contributed to 18th-century rebellions, and eventually stimulated independence movements. Describe the diffusion of Iberian society to the New World. Distinctive features of Iberian societies became part of their American experience. Among the aspects were small urban centers, and commoners coming to America sought to become nobles holding Indian-worked estates. Strong patriarchal ideas were refl