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Java程序设计 Java Programming Spring, 2013 Contents Why Exceptions? What are Exceptions? Handling Exceptions Creating Exception Types Why Exceptions(异常)? During execution(执行), programs can run into many kinds of errors; What do we do when an error occurs? Java uses exceptions to provide the error-handling capabilities for its programs. Exceptions (异常) Error Class Critical(严重的) error which is not acceptable in normal application program. Exception Class Possible exception in normal application program execution; Possible to handle by programmer. Exceptions (异常) An exception is an event(事件) that occurs during the execution of a program that disrupts(使中断) the normal flow(流程) of instructions(指令). Exceptions (异常) Treat exception as an object . All exceptions are instances of a class extended from Throwable class or its subclass. Generally, a programmer makes new exception class to extend the Exception class which is a subclass of Throwable class. Exception Class 继承关系 Classifying(分类) Java Exceptions Unchecked Exceptions(非检查性异常) It is not required that these types of exceptions be caught or declared on a method. Runtime exceptions can be generated by methods or by the JVM itself. Errors are generated from deep within the JVM, and often indicate a truly fatal state. Checked Exceptions(检查性异常) Must either be caught by a method or declared in its signature by placing exceptions in the method signature. Exception的分类 非检查性异常(unchecked exception)： 以RuntimeException为代表的一些类，编译时发现不了，只在能运行时才能发现。 检查性异常(checked exception)： 一般程序中可预知的问题，其产生的异常可能会带来意想不到的结果，因此Java编译器要求Java程序必须捕获或声明所有的非运行时异常。 以IOException为代表的一些类。如果代码中存在检查性异常，必须进行异常处理，否则编译不能通过。如：用户连接数据库SQLException、FileNotFoundException。 Exception的分类 什么是Runtime Exception： Java虚拟机在运行时生成的异常，如：被0除等系统错误、数组下标超范围等，其产生比较频繁，处理麻烦，对程序可读性和运行效率影响太大。因此由系统检测, 用户可不做处理，系统将它们交给默认的异常处理程序(当然，必要时，用户可对其处理)。 Java程序异常处理的原则是： 对于Error和RuntimeException，可以在程序中进行捕获和处理，但不是必须的。 对于IOException及其他异常，必须在程序进行捕获和处理。异常处理机制主要处理检查性异常。 Exception的分类 System-Defined Exception(系统