1经济学十大原理试卷.ppt

* “Rich countries” refers to countries like the U.S., Japan, and Germany. “Poor countries” refers to countries like India, Indonesia, and Nigeria. * While the long-run effect of increasing the quantity of money is inflation, the short-run effects are more complicated - and controversial. However, most mainstream economists believe the following: An increase in the quantity of money causes spending to rise, which causes prices to rise, which induces firms to produce more goods and services, which requires that they hire more workers. Hence, in the short-run, increasing the quantity of money causes inflation to rise, but unemployment to fall. Of course, REDUCING the quantity of money would have the opposite effects (inflation would fall, while unemployment would rise) in the short run. Keep in mind, though, the lesson from Principle #9: In the long run, changing the quantity of money only affects inflation. We will learn in a later chapter what determines the rate of unemployment in the long run, and we will see that it has nothing to do with the quantity of money. The second bullet addresses the following point: In some decades, due to factors outside of the control of policymakers, inflation and unemployment are both high (e.g. 1970s) – or low (e.g. 1990s). Yet, given these other factors, policymakers can always reduce unemployment temporarily by creating more inflation, or vice versa. * Most new college students have not been taught good study skills, yet we professors often assume they have such skills. This is the first of four slides that summarize an FYI box which describes proven strategies for learning and retention. If you’re pressed for time, you can of course skip these slides, but please urge your students to read this FYI box. But if you can spare 30 minutes of class time, there’s a very effective activity you can do in class which lets students see for themselves the power of active reading and teaching a partner. I describe t