阅读理解专项指导（八） 科普知识型阅读理解.pptVIP

科普文常用的修辞手段有：(1)下定义。有时为了突出事物的主要内容或主要问题，往往用简明扼要的话给对象一个说法，使读者对被说明的对象有明确的概念。(2)举事例。举出有代表性的恰当的例子，能够反映一般的情况，真切地说明事物特征。(3)做比较。选择有外部或内部联系的事物进行比较，往往能增强说明事物的效果。(4)打比方。适当运用比喻，能够增强说明的形象性和生动性。 科普说明文在结构上常采用的写作方法有：(1)总分式。在说明事物或事理时，段落(层次)之间有一个总分关系，表现为由总到分、由分到总。(2)承接式。各层之间按照事物的发展过程，或者按时间、因果、条件等关系安排，前后相互承接。(3)递进式。后面在前面的基础上进一步说明，各层之间的关系是由浅入深。文章的命题除了遵循科普阅读的命题方式外，还经常考查文章的篇章结构和修辞手法。 　　If health issues arise from cell phone use, the possible effects are huge. Voice calls—Americans chat on cell phones 2.26 trillion(万亿)minutes annually—earn $109 billion for the wireless carriers. 　　Devra Davis, an expert who has worked for the University of Pittsburgh, has published a book about cell phone radiation, “Disconnect”. The book surveys scientific research and concludes the question is not settled. 　 　　Brain cancer is a concern that Ms. Davis examines. Over all, there has not been an increase in its incidence since cell phones arrived. But the average masks an increase in brain cancer in the 20-to-29 age group and a drop for the older population. 　　“Most cancers have multiple causes，” she says, but she points to laboratory research that suggests low-energy radiation could damage cells that could possibly lead to cancer. 　　Children are more vulnerable(易受伤的)to radiation than adults, Ms. Davis and other scientists point out. Radiation that penetrates only five centimeters into the brain of an adult will reach much deeper into the brains of children because their skulls are thinner and their brains contain more absorptive fluid(易吸收的液体). “No studies have yet been completed on cell phone radiation and children，” she says. 　　Henry Lai, a research professor in the bioengineering department at the University of Washington, began laboratory radiation studies in 1980 and found that rats exposed to radiation had damaged DNA in their brains. 　　Ms. Davis recommends using wired headsets or the phones speaker. “Children should text rather than call，” she said, “and pregnant women should keep phones away from th