第二章链烃规范.ppt

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Beta-Carotene and Vitamin A Beta-carotene is the molecule that gives carrots, sweet potatoes, squash, and other yellow or orange vegetables their orange color. It is part of a family of chemicals called the carotenoids, which are found in many fruit and vegetables, as well as some animal products such as egg yolks. Carotenoids were first isolated in the early 19th century, and have been synthesized for use as food colorings since the 1950s.Biologically, beta-carotene is most important as the precursor of vitamin A in the human diet. It also has anti-oxidant properties and may help in preventing cancer and other diseases.The long chain of alternating double bonds (conjugated) is responsible for the orange color of beta-carotene. The conjugated chain in carotenoids means that they absorb in the visible region - green/blue part of the spectrum. So beta-carotene appears orange, because the red/yellow colors are reflected back to us. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 超共轭 s-p超共轭 s-p超共轭 CH3CH2+ (CH3)2CH+ (CH3)3C+ 稳定性增加 诱导效应与共轭效应的比较 起 因 传递途径 分类 特 点 I 静电极性 （原子或基团 的电负性不同） 沿碳链传递 +I 和 -I 单向极化， 短程作用 C 电子离域 沿共轭链传递 +C 和 -C 交替极化， 远程作用； 键长平均化； 内能降低 1. CH2=CH—+CH—CH2Cl 2. Cl-CH=CH-C=CH-CH3 CH3 p,p- ; s,p-共轭效应 p,p- ; p,p- ; s,p-共轭效应 Question : What kind of conjugated effect is there in the following? 共轭二烯烃在发生亲电加成反应时具有特殊性 反应机制： 中间体 （二）共轭二烯烃的性质 p~ ?共轭 稳定 烯丙基型正碳离子 室温下，1，4-加成产物为主；低温时， 1，2-加成产物为主。 两个共振式 共振杂化体 环加成反应: the Diels-Alder Reaction 二烯: 1,3-butadiene 亲二烯体: ethene 产物: cyclohexene 环加成反应: the Diels-Alder Reaction 1： 一般来说：吸电子基团连接在亲二烯体上 使得反应比较容易进行，产率高。 2： 原料上的立体构型可以保持 练习：完成反应式 第二节 炔烃 Alkynes are sp hybridized Linear – bond angle 180° 2 s and 2 p bond (or 1 single and 1 triple) C≡C double bond ~ 1.21 ? 炔烃的反应 反应性和烯烃类似，但相对比较慢 但也有不同之处。 1： 溴化反应—可以通过控制溴的量来控制反应的产物 炔烃的反应 2： 水合反应---需要Hg催化剂 炔烃的反应 3. 炔烃的酸性--炔烃的末端H具有较强的酸性，可以被碱所置换。 1. 烯烃的结构：双键碳原子sp2杂化，双键（?键+?键）；异构：碳链、位置和顺反异构（产生条件和构型命名）。