数据挖掘：实用机器学习工具与技术_02数据挖掘的基本理论重点.pptx

2 Data Mining: Practical Machine Learning Tools and Techniques (Chapter 2) Input: Concepts, instances, attributes Terminology What’s a concept? Classification, association, clustering, numeric prediction What’s in an example? Relations, flat files, recursion What’s in an attribute? Nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio Preparing the input ARFF, attributes, missing values, getting to know data 3 Data Mining: Practical Machine Learning Tools and Techniques (Chapter 2) Terminology Components of the input: Concepts: kinds of things that can be learned Aim: intelligible and operational concept description Instances: the individual, independent examples of a concept Note: more complicated forms of input are possible Attributes: measuring aspects of an instance We will focus on nominal and numeric ones 4 Data Mining: Practical Machine Learning Tools and Techniques (Chapter 2) What’s a concept? Styles of learning: Classification learning:predicting a discrete class Association learning:detecting associations between features Clustering:grouping similar instances into clusters Numeric prediction:predicting a numeric quantity Concept: thing to be learned Concept description:output of learning scheme 5 Data Mining: Practical Machine Learning Tools and Techniques (Chapter 2) Classification learning Example problems: weather data, contact lenses, irises, labor negotiations Classification learning is supervised Scheme is provided with actual outcome Outcome is called the class of the example Measure success on fresh data for which class labels are known (test data) In practice success is often measured subjectively 6 Data Mining: Practical Machine Learning Tools and Techniques (Chapter 2) Association learning Can be applied if no class is specified and any kind of structure is considered “interesting” Difference to classification learning: Can predict any attribute’s value, not just the class, and more than one attribute’s value at a time Hence: far more association rules than c