英语倒装句子语法精讲讲义.ppt

Lecture 39 Postponement, Fronting and Inversion Clause elements: Subject Predict verb Object Complement Adverbial Compare the following sentences: She visited an elderly and much beloved friend yesterday. She visited yesterday an elderly and much beloved friend. Yesterday she visited an elderly and much beloved friend. An elderly and much beloved friend she visited yesterday. Here is another example: A drunken young man is sitting in front of the counter. Sitting in front of the counter is a drunken young man. Lecture 39: 后置 ( Postponement ) 定义 后置是一种表示强调的语法手段，也就是把一个非句尾成分移至句尾。 旧信息(Old Information)和新信息(New Information) ，句尾焦点 (End Focus) 和句尾重心 (End Weight) : 一个句子所传递的信息通常由两部分构成 ：旧信息/已知信息(Given/Known Information)+新信息。 前者是指说话人认为或者假定对方已经了解的信息，这是信息传递的出发点，通常由句子的主语表示。 后者是信息传递的重点，通常由句子的谓语表示，而新信息中最关键的部分又通常出现在句尾，即信息焦点(Information Focus)，又叫句尾焦点(End Focus) 。 主语作为句子信息传递的出发点，在结构上通常比较简短，而谓语作为信息传递的着重点，通常较长，较复杂，这种句构特征叫做“句尾重心” (End Weight) 。 根据“句尾重心” 原则，在造句时要注意句子结构匀称，避免头重脚轻的现象。 That the president will visit Korea has been reported by CCTV. It has been reported that the president will visit ROK. He rests. He has / takes a rest. 关键词语的后置 由于“句尾焦点”和“句尾重心”的关系，在组词成句时往往将说话人认为最重要的内容置于句尾，使其处于突出的地位，这种语法手段叫做“后置”。例如： He give me a book. He give a book to me. 前者的侧重点在a book, 适合于回答What did he give you?后者侧重在me，适合于回答Who did he give the book to? 更多例句参看教材第673-674页。 定义 把在正常词序中通常较晚出现的成分移至句首，使之处于突出的位置，从而受到特殊强调，这种语法手段叫做前置。使用前置手段表示强调，有时不必改变词序，有时则引起倒装。 谓语动词放在主语之前的这种语法现象称为倒装。从倒装的形式来看，可分为全部倒装(full?inversion)和部分倒装(partial? inversion)两种。前者是指整个谓语置于主语之前，而后者仅是指助动词、情态动词或be?动词等置于主语之前。? 二、部分倒装 ( partial inversion ) 部分倒装的表现形式大体有下列几种： 1．在疑问句中? How?are?you?getting?along?with?your?work?? Is?this?report?written?in?detail?? 注：如疑问词作主语或者作定语修饰主语时，不发生倒装。如： Who should be responsible for the increasingly serious environmental pollution? What is your name? Which room belongs to you? 二、部分倒装 ( partial inversion ) 2. 句首状语为否定词或半否定词的句子。 这类词或短语主要有never, neither, nor, not, no, little, few, seldom, rarely,