世界化石能源使用情况讲述.pptVIP

20 richest countries consume: U.S. energy consumption Coal cheaper,but polluting Much Eastern U.S. coal has high-sulfur content, more expensive to mine Much Western U.S. coal has low-sulfur content, cheaper to mine But mining in semi-arid West more damaging to land. Energy lost from coal 10% lost on transmission lines (stray voltage) Effects on health Black Lung Disease (miners) Respiratory illnesses (public) Effects on land Coal sludge releases Hardpan at strip mines Mountaintop removal Huge water use Slurry pipelines Effects on air Greenhouse gases 3/4 sulfur dioxide 1/3 nitrogen oxides 1/2 carbon dioxide Toxics Mercury Uranium Acid rain Acidity of rain  pH of 6.0 Kills insects, crabs pH 5.0 Kills fish, trees Sources of Nitrogen Oxides Nitrogen oxides and sulfur dioxide create acid rain Tall stacks deposit farther Coal scrubbers The future? Hydrogen fuel cells NATURAL GAS Advantages of natural gas Cleaner to burn Half as much CO2 as coal More efficient 10% energy lost 60-year supply at current rates Disadvantages of natural gas Difficult to transport Pipelines Liquified Natural Gas (LNG) tankers Can be polluting, dangerous when extracted Methane bed drilling pollutes OIL (PETROLEUM) Oil Consumption by Sector (1998) Proven oil reserves 465 billion barrels consumed 1 trillion barrels left 22 billion consumed a year 45 years to go! Party now! Global Oil Production for Resources of 1800, 2200, and 2600 Billion Barrels Distribution of Estimates of Ultimately Recoverable World Crude Oil (1975-1993) World Crude Oil Production World Crude Oil Prices(economic crises in oil states) Global trends in oil  Growing use in China (+10%/year) Japan, Europe depend on Mideast New reserves around Caspian Sea Nearly size of Saudi Arabia Increasing source of major wars, human rights abuses Oil natural gas pipelines U.S. trends in oil  Diverse sources (not Mideast) Venezuela, Nigeria, etc. Opening domestic sources A