第5章中枢神经系统发育及其可塑性合编.ppt

 Concept and importance of the critical period Three hypothesis for the periods end of synapse modification Plasticity diminishes when axon growth ceases Plasticity diminishes when synaptic transmission matures Plasticity diminishes when cortical activation is constrained (suppression) The critical period for plasticity of binocular connection in the kitten Monkey: postnatal 6m Cat: postnatal 3-6w Human: before 3y Concluding Remarks Reference Mark F. Bear, et al., Neuroscience - exploring the brain, Second edition 2. Eric R. Kandel, et al., Principles of Neural science, Fourth edition 韩济生主编：《神经科学原理》第二版 关新民主编： 《医学神经生物学》第二版 * * * * * A migrating cell recorded in tissue culture A:神经细胞迁移过程中,有领先突起。领先突起有分枝,动态竞争,其中一枝成为主干,带领细胞体的移动,其后,又不断重复分枝竞争,决定细胞移动方向。 B:迁移的神经细胞也可以原来领先突起的生长锥消失,在细胞体完全相反的一边长处出新的突起,导致细胞180度转向。 迁移的神经细胞: A B 鼠脑SVZ细胞： 肌动蛋白丝染绿色 微管红色 - Inside-out development of the cortex - the first cells to migrate to cortical plate from VZ that form subplate - As these differentiate into neurons – become layer VI in the cortical plate. - this process repeats again and again until all layers of the cortex – the sublate neurons disappear 较早分化的较大神经元先迁移并形成最内层，依次顺序向外；而较晚分化的较小神经元则通过已形成的层次迁移并形成其外侧新的层次；故不论皮质的什么区域，其最内层总是最早分化，而最外层则最后分化。 哺乳动物大脑新皮层功能区域的形成 （A）在正常发育过程中，胚胎前脑背部中线和头端的成型中心分泌BMP、Wnt和FGF8等因子，使这些蛋白分别沿背腹轴和前后轴形成浓度梯度，进而影响多种转录因子在神经前期细胞中的表达量，最终把大脑新皮层分化成不同的功能区域。 （B）受在胚胎前脑后端异位表达的FGF8影响，大脑新皮层能在后端形成第二个运动和躯体感觉皮层。 3. Cell differentiation The process in which a cell take on the appearance and characteristics of a neuron is known as cell differentiation. Differentiation is the consequence of a specific spatiotemporal pattern of gene expression. Differentiation of the neuroblast into a neuron begins with the appearance of neurites sprouting off the body (all same – axon and dendrite at first). The differentiation is programmed well before the neuroblast arrives at its final resting place. The complexity of dendritic tree is not entirely preprogrammed. The fi