2 errors 左红星.pptVIP

你相信你的眼睛吗？ 你觉得你的眼睛可靠吗？ 1.2 errors and uncertainty 1 Error （误差） Errors are uncertainties in the measured physical quantities that arise due to limitations of: The measuring instrument The observer’s measurement skill,and The experimental procedure or method used ;and the randomly varying factors of the physical environment. 2 systematic error（系统误差） These are errors which are due to the apparatus and may result from either faulty apparatus, badly calibrated apparatus or a zero error. 系统误差的特点： Systematic errors are constant deviations of the readings in one direction from the true value. Repeating the measurements and averaging the answers does not minimize the error. Example 1) Zero errors of instrument 2) Background 3) Heat lost to surrounding in heat- related experiment. 4) Using a thermometer with a scale that has been moved could produce this kind of error 3 Random error （随机误差） Random errors have equal probability of giving higher or lower answers. 随机误差的特点 Averaging a sufficient number of answers will make these errors negligible. Careless reading of a scale could produce errors of this kind. Example Parallax error 视差 Distinguishsame :All error can be minimized by specific methods but can never be totally eliminated Different: .systematic error The readings deviate in one direction from its true value . Cannot be minimize by taking the average of repeated readings. Random error Refer to the scatter of reading about a mean value Can be minimize by taking the average of repeated readings. Precision and accuracy(精确和准确） Precision ： Good precision means the readings are mostly very close to their mean, and is associated with small random errors. Accuracy ：Good accuracy means the reading or the mean of a set of readings is very close to the true value ,and is associated with small systematic errors. Example A quantity X is measured many times. A graph is plotted showing the number n of times a particular value of X is o