chapter05_lecture.pptVIP

Linkage, Recombination, and the Mapping of Genes on Chromosomes Outline of Linkage, Recombination, and the Mapping of Genes on Chromosomes Linkage and meiotic recombination Genes linked together on the same chromosome usually assort together. Linked genes may become separated through recombination. Mapping The frequency with which genes become separated reflects the physical distance between them. Mitotic recombination Rarely, recombination occurs during meiosis. In eukaryotes mitotic recombination produces genetic mosaics. Independent assortment Genes on different chromosomes LinkageTwo genes on same chromosome segregate together. Crossing over and linkage Lead to separation of linked genes Some genes on the same chromosome assort together more often than not. In dihybrid crosses, departures from a 1:1:1:1 ratio of F1 gametes indicate that the two genes are on the same chromosome. How we determine if two genes are on the same chromosome can be demonstrated by the white and yellow genes on the X chromosome of Drosophila. yellow (y+) – yellow body color white (w+) – white eye color Designations of “parental” and “recombinant” relate to past history. Parental and recombinant classes are opposite of one another in these two crosses. Similar percentages of recombinant and parental types show that the frequency of recombination is independent of the arrangement of alleles. Chi square test pinpoints the probability that ratios are evidence of linkage. Transmission of gametes is based on chance events. Deviations from 1:1:1:1 ratios can represent chance events OR linkage. Ratios alone will never allow you to determine if observed data are significantly different from predicted values. The larger your sample, the closer your observed values are expected to match the predicted values. Chi square test measures “goodness of fit” between observed and expected (predicted) results. Accounts for sample size, or the size of the experimental population Applying the chi square t