chapter07_lecture.pptVIP

Powerpoint to accompany Genetics: From Genes to Genomes Third Edition Hartwell ● Hood ● Goldberg ● Reynolds ● Silver ● Veres Anatomy and Function of a Gene Dissection through Mutation Outline of Chapter 7 What mutations are How often mutations occur What events cause mutations How mutations affect survival and evolution Mutations and gene structure Experiments using mutations demonstrate a gene is a discrete region of DNA. Mutations and gene function Genes encode proteins by directing assembly of amino acids. Mutations that alter genes’ instructions for amino acids alter protein structure and function. Mutations: Primary tools of genetic analysis Mutations are heritable changes in base sequences that modify the information content of DNA. Forward mutation – changes wild-type to different allele Reverse mutation – causes novel mutation to revert back to wild-type (reversion) Classification of mutations by affect on DNA molecule Substitution – base is replaced by one of the other three bases Deletion – block of one or more DNA pairs is lost Insertion – block of one or more DNA pairs is added Inversion 1800 rotation of piece of DNA Reciprocal translocation – parts of nonhomologous chromosomes change places Chromosomal rearrangements – affect many genes at one time Spontaneous mutations influencing phenotype occur at a very low rate. General observations of mutation rates Mutations affecting phenotype occur very rarely. Different genes mutate at different rates. Rate of forward mutation is almost always higher than rate of reverse mutation. Are mutations spontaneous or induced? Most mutations are spontaneous. Luria and Delbruck experiments - a simple way to tell is mutations are spontaneous or if they are induced by a mutagenic agent Replica plating verifies preexisting mutations Interpretation of Luria-Delbruck fluctuation experiment and replica plating Bacterial resistance arises from mutations that exist before exposure to bacteriocide. After exposure to bacterio