Too Young to Leave the Nest.pptVIP

Too Young To Leave The Nest?The Effects Of School Starting Age Sandra E. Black University of California, Los Angeles, NBER and IZA Paul J. Devereux University College Dublin, CEPR and IZA Kjell G. Salvanes Norwegian School of Economics, Statistics Norway, CEP and IZA 黄云李蔚 The effect of school starting age and a direct age at-test effect Most of the literature has compared test scores of children who are in the same grade and so has in fact estimated the combined effects of SSA and AGE. AGE AT TEST = SCHOOL STARTING AGE + YEARS OF SCHOOLING They are perfectly collinear. As a result, it could be that children who start school when they are older do better simply because they are older when they take the tests , or it could be because there are direct benefits to starting school at an older age. Methodology Importantly, there is also variation in the mapping between year and month of birth and the year the test is taken, allowing us to distinguish the effects of school starting age from pure age effects. Outcomes：Education, Log Earnings, and Teenage Fertility. Our equation of interest is as follows: Yt=β0 + β1 SSAt + Xt ′ λ + ξ Where Y is the outcome under study, SSA is the school starting age, and X is a vector of controls that includes year of birth indicators and a local linear trend. We redefine year of birth to run from July to June (so the discontinuity is now at the middle of our re-defined “year”). We also include a local linear trend that is centered at the discontinuity . An instrument for the school starting age Using the expected school starting age (ESSA) as an instrument for the actual school starting age We measure the ESSA =7.7 – (month of birth -1)/12. Given the ESSA is determined only by month of birth and not by parental choice, it seems reasonable to treat it as exogenous and use it as an instrument for the actual SSA. For ESSA to be a valid instrument for SSA, two conditions