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yu Topic 8 The Enlightenment (the Age of Reason).ppt

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yu Topic 8 The Enlightenment (the Age of Reason)

Topic 8 The Enlightenment (the Age of Reason)启蒙运动（理性时代） Pan Hong潘红 Yu Meixian余梅娴 School of Foreign Languages外国语学院 Enlightenment: the “light” of truth breaking away from the past also called Age of Reason, between 1687 and 1789 Some historians: a stage within Age of Reason, from the 1720s to 1789. The Enlightenment Immanuel Kant (康德) proclaimed as the motto of the Enlightenment: “Dare to know! Have the courage to use your own intelligence!” Factors leading to the emergence of the Enlightenment Bernard de Fontenelle’s Plurality of Worlds the 17th century Science Revolution (Newton) the overthrow of the medieval cosmology skepticism about religion The legacy of Locke the impact of travel literature---evaluating civilization relative to others Plurality of Worlds Bernard de Fontenelle(1657-1757 Enlightenment thought The universe is rational; Truth is accessible; Human experience is above authority; Human history is a history of progress; Human beings can be improved through education; Religious doctrines have no place in the understanding of the physical and human worlds. Enlightenment ------a collaborative product of three closely linked generations precursors : Bacon Locke Newton the first generation (The towering figures) : Montesquieu Voltaire the second generation: Benjamin Franklin The Comte de Buffon (the Newton of the natural sciences) Julien Offray de La Mettrie (1709-1751) ( a materialist philosopher) David Hume Jean Jacques Rousseau Denis Diderot Sienne Condillac in 1714 and Jean Le Rond dAlembert in 1717 the third generation of philosophes Paul dHolbach, born in 1723 Kant Turgot Lessing Moses Mendelssohn, both born in 1729 Precursors of the Enlightenment human behavior and interaction: religious and moral explanations→ rational analysis Thomas Hobbes 霍布斯 John Locke洛克 Thomas Hobbes 1588-1679 English mathematician, philosopher, linguist. Leviathan 《利维坦》, 1651 The nature of man: