京华烟云cultural points.pptVIP

Cultural points Attitude to Marriage Mannia---Confucianism a system of philosophical and ethical-sociopolitical teachings sometimes described as a religion. Spring and Autumn Period----Han Dynasty(about 2600 years) largely defined the mainstream discourse on gender in China Three obedience and four virtues “Three obedience” : woman was supposed to obey her father before marriage, her husband when married, and her sons in widowhood? “Four virtues” : morality, proper speech, modest manner, and diligent work. In the later dynasties, more emphasis was placed on women to uphold the virtue of chastity when they lost their husbands. (placing a social stigma on remarriage） Chastity Archway Mulan and Mr. Yao---Taoism a daughter of “Taoist” following the natural rules, naturally developing human nature and getting the relative happiness Mulan s parents did not know yet exactly what to do with her ，especially her father. A Taoist was naturally more liberal-minded than a Confucianist. A Confucianist was always quite sure that he was right , while a Taoist was equally sure that everybody else was right and he himself wrong. So the nonconformist Mr. Yao was liberal toward Western ideas , and even talked about free marriage for his daughters. He believed that marriage affairs were destined by heaven and he had not yet interfered with even his eldest son s engagement. (Chapter12, Para 2) Taoism Taoism (also called Daoism) is a philosophical, ethical or religious tradition of Chinese origin that emphasizes living in harmony with the Tao (also romanized as Dao). The term Tao means “way”, “path”, or “principle”. In Taoism, however, Tao denotes something that is both the source of, and the force behind, everything that exists. Laozi?is traditionally regarded as the founder of Taoism and is closely associated with “original” or “primordial” Taoism，The biggest achievement of Laozi is his book Dao De Jing. Zhuangzi is the second great figure of the e