英语文体学Chapter 8.pptVIP

English Stylistics Chapter 8 Speech Acts, The Cooperative Principle and Turn-taking Speech Acts, The Cooperative Principle and Turn-taking Discourse analysis: the attempt by various linguists to extend the methods of analysis developed for the description of words and sentences to the study of larger structures in, or involved in the production of, connected discourse. Speech Acts Theory Speech act study was initiated by the linguistic philosopher, Austin and carried on by Searle. A speech act is an utterance conceived as an act by which the speaker does something. Speech Acts Theory Austin suggests three basic senses in which by saying something, one is doing something and three kinds of acts are performed simultaneously. Speech Acts Theory Locutionary act: the actual uttering of a sentence with a particular meaning. Illocutionary act: the intent that the speaker has in uttering the sentence. Perlocutionary act: the result achieved in uttering the sentence. Speech Acts Theory For a speech act to be performed successfully, certain conditions must be met, which we term felicity conditions. Speech Acts Theory Felicity conditions A: (1) There must be a relevant conventional procedure, and (2) the relevant participants and circumstances must be appropriate. B: The procedure must be executed (1) correctly and (2) completely. C: Very often, (1) the relevant people must have the requisite thoughts, feelings and intentions, and (2) must follow it up with actions as specified. Cooperative Principle CP was put forward by Grice, which suggests that when people converse with each other, they acknowledge a kind of tacit agreement to cooperate conversationally towards mutual ends. Four conversational maxims were devised by Grice: the maxim of quality, the maxim of quantity, the maxim of relation, and the maxim of manner. Cooperative Principle The Maxim of Quality Try to make your contribution one that is true, specially: (a) do not say