电磁场与电磁波四.pptVIP

4-5. Energy Dissipation in Steady Electric Current Fields In a conducting medium, the collision of free electrons with the atomic lattice will generate thermal energy, and this is an irreversible energy conversion process. The impressed source has to compensate the energy dissipation in order to maintain the steady electric current. In a steady electric current field, we construct a small cylinder of length dl and end face area dS, and assume the two end faces of the cylinder are equipotential surfaces（等位面）. dl U ? J dS Under the influence of the electric field, electric charge dq is moved to the right end face from the left end face in dt , with the corresponding work done by the electric force as The power dissipation P （功率）is Then the power dissipation per unit volume as If the direction of J is different from that of E, the above equation can be written in the following general form Which is called the differential form of Joule’s（焦耳） law, and it states that the power dissipation at a point is equal to the product of the electric field intensity and the current density at the point. Suppose the electric potential difference between two end faces is U, then . And we know that . Hence, the power dissipation per unit volume can be expressed as The total power dissipation in the cylinder is which is Joule’s law. 4-5. 导电介质的损耗 在导电介质中，自由电子移动时要与原子晶格发生碰撞，结果产生热耗。 沿电流方向取出一个圆柱体， 如图所示。令圆柱体的端面分别为两个等位面。 在d t 时间内有 d q电荷自左端面移至右端面，那么电场力作的功为 dl U ? J dS 电场损失的功率为 那么，单位体积中的功率损耗为 当 J 和 E 的方向不同时，单位体积中的功率损耗可以表示为 此式称为焦耳定律的微分形式，它表示某点的功率损耗等于该点的电场强度与电流密度的标积。 设圆柱体两端的电位差为U，则 。 又知 ，那么单位体积中的功率损失可表示为 可见，圆柱体中的总功率损失为 焦耳定律 dl U ? J dS 例1 已知一平板电容器由两层非理想介质串联构成，如图所示。当外加恒定电压为 U 时，试求两层介质中的电场强度，电场储能密度及功率损耗密度。 解 电容器中的电流线与边界垂直，求得 又 求出两种介质中的电场强度分别为 ? 1? 1 d1 d2 U ? 2? 2 两种介质中电场储能密度分别为 功率损耗密度分别为 两种特殊情况： 若 ， 则 若 ， 则 d1 d2 E2 = 0 ? 1= 0 U + – d1 d2 E1 = 0 ? 2 = 0