地理笔记整理.docx

The definition of a mineralA mineral is a naturally occurring, inorganic solid with a definite chemical composition and an orderly arrangement of atoms. Mineral Characteristics All minerals are formed by natural processes.Minerals are inorganic.Every mineral is an element or compound with a definite chemical composition.Minerals are crystalline solids. The definition of a crystalA crystal is a solid in which the atoms are arranged in orderly, repeating patterns.晶体和矿物的相同点和不同点地球科学中，只需要知道晶体强调内部有序而重复的结构，矿物除需满足此条件之外，还需要满足自然产生、是无机物这两个条件。知道这些就足够了。 矿物的来源1. 岩浆冷却时形成；2. 溶液饱和溶质析出而形成（岩盐）；岩石和矿物的关系岩石往往是多种矿物的组合体； 矿物是化学成分相对单一的物质，接近纯净物；所以，岩石一般是混合物。地壳的八大成岩矿物Quartz 石英Feldspar 长石Mica云母Pyroxene 辉石Amphibole 闪石Olivine 橄榄石Garnet 石榴石Calcite 方解石地壳的八大组成元素：养闺女贴给哪家没：O, Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Na, K, Mg, Other---矿物判别方式最初级的矿物判别方式：Color and appearance are two obvious clues that can be used to identify minerals. Hardness：A measure of how easily a mineral can be scratched is its hardness.Luster： The way a mineral reflects light is known as luster. 【There are two types of luster — metallic luster and nonmetallic luster. Describing the luster of nonmetallic minerals is a subjective process. Using luster to identify a mineral should usually be used in combination with other physical characteristics.】Specific Gravity： The specific gravity of a mineral is the ratio of its weight compared with the weight of an equal volume of water.Streak：Streak is the color of a mineral when it is broken up and powdered.也就是说，Streak是矿物在素瓷上划过后留下的条纹的颜色，这与矿物变成粉末后的颜色相同。【The streak test works only for minerals that are softer than the streak plate.】Cleavage(解理) and fracture：A mineral that splits relatively easily and evenly along one or more flat planes is said to have cleavage. Minerals that break with rough or jagged edges are said to have fracture. cleavage 指的就是矿物平整而容易形成的断裂面；相反，fracture指的是矿物不平整的断裂面。一种矿物只能有cleavage或fracture。Cleavage形成的条件：Minerals break along planes where atomic bonding is weak. In conclusion, the most reliable way