chapter1 Chemical Foundations.pptVIP

Chapter 1 Chemical Foundations 1.1 Chemistry: An Overview 1.2 The Scientific Method 1.3 Units of Measurement 1.4 Uncertainty in Measurement 1.5 Significant Figures and Calculations 1.6 Dimensional Analysis 1.7 Temperature 1.8 Density 1.9 Classification of Matter A main challenge of chemistry is to understand the connection between the macroscopic world that we experience and the microscopic world of atoms and molecules. You must learn to think on the atomic level. Atoms vs. Molecules Matter is composed of tiny particles called atoms. Atom: smallest part of an element that is still that element. Molecule: Two or more atoms joined and acting as a unit. Oxygen and Hydrogen Molecules Use subscripts when more than one atom is in the molecule. A Chemical Reaction One substance changes to another by reorganizing the way the atoms are attached to each other. Science Science is a framework for gaining and organizing knowledge. Science is a plan of action — a procedure for processing and understanding certain types of information. Scientists are always challenging our current beliefs about science, asking questions, and experimenting to gain new knowledge. Scientific method is needed. Fundamental Steps of the Scientific Method Scientific Models Summarizes what happens. Nature of Measurement Quantitative observation consisting of two parts. number scale (unit) The Fundamental SI Units Prefixes Used in the SI System Prefixes are used to change the size of the unit. Prefixes Used in the SI System A digit that must be estimated is called uncertain. A measurement always has some degree of uncertainty. Record the certain digits and the first uncertain digit (the estimated number). Measurement of Volume Using a Buret The volume is read at the bottom of the liquid curve (meniscus). Meniscus of the liquid occurs at about 20.15 mL. Certain digits: 20.15 Uncertain digit: 20.15 Precision and Accuracy Accuracy Precision and Accuracy Rules for Counting Significant Figures 1. Nonz