acca考试f公司法与商法总汇.docVIP

2014年ACCA考试F4公司法与商法第一章总汇3 本文由高顿ACCA整理发布，转载请注明出处 　　Session 3 Types of cost and cost behavior?　　Main contents: 　　1. Classifying costs 　　2. Cost objects, cost and cost centers 　　3. Analysis of costs into fixed and variable elements? 　　3.1 Classifying costs 　　Costs can be classified in a number of different ways: 　　· Element – costs are classified as materials, labor or expenses (overheads) 　　· Nature – costs are classified as being direct or indirect. 　　a. Direct cost is expenditure that can be directly identified with a specific cost unit or cost center. 　　(1). Direct material is all material becoming part of the product unless used in negligible amount and/or having negligible cost. (component parts, part finished work and primary packing material) 　　(2). Direct wages – are wages paid for labor either as basic hours or as overtime expensed on the product line. 　　(3). Direct expense are any expense which are incurred on a specified product other than direct material and direct labor. 　　b. Indirect costs/ overheads; are expenditure that can not be directly identified with a specific unit or cost center and must be ‘shared out’ on an equitable basis. 　　· Behavior –costs are classified as being fixed, variable, semi-variable or stepped fixed. 　　a. Fixed costs: are costs that are not affected in total by the level of activity, but remain the same. 　　b. Variable costs: are the costs that change in total in direct proportion to the level of activity. 　　c. Semi-variable/semi-fixed/mixed costs: are costs which contain both fixed and variable components and so it partly affected by changes in the level of activity. 　　d. Step costs: are fixed in nature but only within certain level of activity. 　　· Function: costs are classified as being production or non-production costs. 　　e. Production costs: are costs included in a stock valuation. The product cost is the cost of making or buying. 　　f. Period costs (general cost): are costs that are not attributed to product costs, but in