Two theories of aging(衰老学说).pptVIP

Several techniques are currently employed to assess average telomere length in eukaryotic cells. The most widely used method is the Terminal Restriction Fragment (TRF) southern blot,[27] which involves hybridization of a radioactive 32P-(TTAGGG)n oligonucleotide probe to Hinf / Rsa I digested genomic DNA embedded on a nylon membrane and subsequently exposed to autoradiographic film or phosphoimager screen. Another histochemical method, termed Q-FISH, involves fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH).[28] Q-FISH, however, requires significant amounts of genomic DNA (2-20 micrograms) and labor that renders its use limited in large epidemiological studies. Some of these impediments have been overcome with a Real-Time PCR assay for telomere length and Flow-FISH. Real-time PCR assay involves determining the Telomere-to-Single Copy Gene (T/S)ratio,[29] which is demonstrated to be proportional to the average telomere length in a cell. Another technique, referred to as single telomere elongation length analysis (STELA), was developed in 2003 by Duncan Baird. This technique allows investigations can target specific telomere ends, which is not possible with TRF analysis. However, due to this techniques being PCR-based, telomeres larger than 25Kb cannot be amplified and there is a bias towards shorter telomeres. ? * * * 探索与揭示衰老和自由基或抗氧化的内在联系是生物医学界追求的长久目标。在2000年，国际最顶级的学术刊物 Nature 上发表的专论文章指出：外源、内源以及抗氧化防御系统均可导致生物体内产生 一定数量的活性氧自由基(参考上图)。虽然少量的自由基有助于生物体的正常代谢和生长，但过量的自由基可破坏 或氧化损伤蛋白、DNA、糖质或脂质等组成细胞的基本单元，从而导致细胞的衰老或死亡。 此外，自由基也能够与其它物质发生反应而生成新的自由基与过氧化合物。这些过氧化物堆积在细胞内毒害细胞， 并阻止细胞内物质与信息的传递。对人而言，在皮肤细胞中堆积的脂褐素可形成老年斑；在脑细胞中堆积，则会引起记忆减退或智力障碍，甚至导致老年性痴呆症；在心肌细胞中堆积，心脏功能减退。胶原蛋白聚合则引起皮肤失去张力和弹性，皱纹增多以及老年性骨质增生，这些都是衰老的基本特征。由于自由基学说能比较清楚地解释机体衰老过程中出现的各种症状，因此倍受关注， 并且已为人们所广泛接受。 * The functions are based on cyt c’s ability to undergo partial unfolding upon binding with anionic phospholipids, and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Two theories of aging  There are few certain things in life, and aging is one of them Catalog