句法差异：形合与意合.ppt

What are the benefits of smaller classes on academic performance Writing What is the figure about? (step 1) 1. Figure 1 displays data over an 18-year period (1986-2004), comparing the number of people employed in the manufacturing and service industries and also service industries and also showing the difference in male and female employment. Writing: Task 6 2. During this period, there have been significantly more people employed in the service sector and the numbers have been increasingly steadily. 3. However, the numbers in manufacturing have declined. 4. It is noteworthy that there are now more female employees in the service industries than males and the gap seems to be expanding slightly. Writing: Task 6 5. Conversely, there has been a greater number of males employed in manufacturing throughout the period. Numerically the gender gap has, if anything, increased in recent years in the manufacturing sector. This may reflect a global trend, or at least be in line with the general trend in the developed world. Writing: Task 6 Step 1: subject Step 2: make a general comment on the main trend. Step 3: comment on some of the significant features Step 4: compare / contrast various aspects of the data Step 5: discuss the data Writing: Task 6 * Comparative studies 1. 语义的差异 2. 语法的差异 3. 句法的差异 4. 思维的差异 Page17, 孙致礼 整体综合与细节分析synthetic vs analytical. 中国人习惯于概括综合,整体把握,不强求形式分析与逻辑推理; 英语国家的人重个体成分的独立作用及相互关系,强调形式分析和规则的制约. In thinking: 3. 句法的差异： 形合(hypotaxis / hapotactic)与意合(parataxis / paratactic) Hypotaxis: The dependent or subordinate construction or relationship of clauses with connective, for example, I shall despair if you don’t come. (The American Heritage Dictionary) 形合：句中的词语或分句之间需要一种语言形式手段(如关联词)连接起来，表达一定的语法意义和逻辑关系。 3. 句法的差异： 形合(hypotaxis/hapotactic)与意合(parataxis/paratactic) 意合：词语或分句之间不用语言形式手段进行连接，句中的语法意义和逻辑关系通过词语或分句的含义来表达。 英语：明示(overt cohesion) 汉语：隐含(covert coherence) Parataxis: The arranging of clauses one after the other without connective showing the rela