基因组与染色体.pptVIP

Introns in vertebrate genes range from very short to very long. Exons coding for proteins are usually short All types of eukaryotic genomes contain interrupted genes. 所有真核生物的基因组中均含有割裂基因。 The proportion of interrupted genes is low in yeasts and increases in the lower eukaryotes.割裂基因在酵母中所占比例少，而在较低等的真核生物中有所增加。 few genes are uninterrupted in higher eukaryotes. No intron: histone gene interferon gene(IFN) Most genes are uninterrupted in yeast, but most genes are interrupted in flies and mammals. Yeast genes are small, but genes in flies and mammals have a dispersed distribution extending to very large sizes. 3. Gene family Gene family consists of a set of genes whose exons are related; the members were derived by duplication and variation from some ancestral gene. 真核生物的基因组中有许多来源相同，结构相似，功能相关的基因，这样一组基因称为基因家族。 类别 （1） 简单多基因家族：5S rRNA基因 结构相同，基因与基因间由中度重复序列隔开。 （2） 复杂多基因家族：如海胆、果蝇的组蛋白基因。 各个成员并不都是相同。 （3）由发育阶段控制的多基因家族：人球蛋白基因家 族亚基有相似结构。 Gene family： Pseudogenes are inactive but stable components of the genome derived by mutation of an ancestral active gene. 作为基因组的组成成分，由有活性的祖先基因突变而来的无活性（沉默）基因。 The number of pseudogenes can be large. The sequence of human chromosome 22 shows ~679 genes and 134 pseudogenes. Nonallelic copies ：Two (or more) identical genes present on the same chromosome are described as nonallelic copies. Tandem repeats gene： 特点： 1.各成员之间有高度的序列一致性甚至完全相同。 2.拷贝数高，常有几十个甚至几百个。 3.非转录的间隔区通常长短一致。 Most organisms contain multiple copies of the genes for the histone proteins that are a major component of the chromosomes; and there are almost always multiple copies of the genes that code for the rRNAs. H1、H2A、H2B、H3、H4 五种组蛋白基因彼此靠近构成一个重复单位。 许多重复单位串联在一起，构成组蛋白基因的Tandem repeats。 所有真核组蛋白基因缺乏Intron。 Histone gene rRNA gene 5.8s, 18s, 28s, 5s rRNA, 前三者组成一个主体rRNA，作为一个重复单位。 各重复单位之间是非转录间隔区。 5s rRNA存在于被非转录间隔区分开的串联重复单位中，但不与大片段rDNA紧密相连。 Ribosomal RNA is the predominant product of transcription, constitut