语言学简明的教程Chapter5.pptVIP

Chapter 5 Grammar: Clause Clause can be classified into FINITE（限定性) and NON-FINITE（非限定性） clauses, the latter including the traditional infinitive phrase, participial phrase, and gerundial phrase. A finite clause（限定性分句） has a finite verb. A finite verb has tense. E.g.: “I run daily.” A non-finite clause（非限定性分句） has a verb without tense. E.g.: ...to run daily... (---a branch of linguistics that studies how words are combined to form sentences and the rules that govern the formation of sentences. 句法学研究组词成句的规则，研究句子内部组成成分间的关系。) ①The boy kicked the ball angrily. ② Boy the ball kicked angrily. ③ The girl caught the boy angrily. ④ The flower smiles happily. Syntactic relations（句法关系） Syntactic relations can be analyzed into three kinds: relations of position relations of substitutability relations of co-occurrence Relation of substitutability (paradigmatic relation 聚合关系) Relation of Co-occurrence （同现关系） Words of different sets of classes may permit, or require, the occurrence of a word of another set or class to form a sentence or a particular part of a sentence. For instance, a nominal phrase can be preceded by a determiner and adjective(s) and followed by a verbal phrase. Relations of co-occurrence partly belong to syntagmatic relations, partly to paradigmatic relations. Syntactic category(句法范畴） Any class of units distinguished in the syntax of a language, e.g. Sentence, noun phrase, verb, etc. a category of words having the same grammatical properties Phrase: expansion of words. E.g. the new book; run fast “ head words” Categories of the noun: number, gender, case and countability Categories of the verb: tense, aspect, voice Four hierarchical ranks: Sentences(each consists of one or more clauses) Clauses (each consists of one or more phrases) Phrases (each consists of one or more words) Words (each consists of one or more morphemes) Sentence 句子 Clause 分句/小句 Phrase 短语 Word 词 IC analysis