2.跨商务文化交际文化的比喻.ppt

Intercultural Communication  CONTENTS 1. The Cultural Iceberg 2. The Cultural Onion 1.The Cultural Iceberg The Culture Iceberg Culture: like an iceberg Visible section above the waterline Invisible section below the waterline It is said that 1/10 of culture is above the surface. Visible section: aspects of culture that are explicit, visible, taught. Invisible section: the hidden culture, norms, values, assumptions Culture is like an iceberg The Culture Iceberg Kluchhohn指出文化中有的是显型的，有的是隐型的。实际上，文化中的许多部分都是隐型的，有的学者把文化比作冰山，我们能够看到的只是它的一小部分，而我们没有看到的却是大部分。 下图上我们可以看到只有服饰、食物、建筑、文学艺术作品、科学技术的成果等可以看到，并立即联系到某种文化，而牵涉到习俗、观念、信仰、人与人之间的关系、人与自然的关系、世界观等等都是我们看不到的。 Culture Like an Iceberg a. Objective culture: history, literature, and customs. ( visible, small part) b. Subjective culture: feelings and attitudes about things. (invisible, large part ) Cultural Iceberg 2. The Cultural Onion Geert Hefestede a social psychologist and behavioural scientist in 1991 came up with this explanation of culture. In his view, culture is like an onion: a system that can be peeled, layer by layer, in order to reveal the content. Imagine the whole onion as ‘culture’ and as you peel on, you see different levels which work on and influence culture (in any particular society). * * Cultural Metaphors Presentation 2 Culture is a Bridge. Objective Culture Subjective Culture 1) notions of modesty, conception of beauty, ideal of childrearing, relationships to animals 2) patterns of superior/subordinate relations, definition of sin, courtship practices, conception of justice, incentives to work, notions of leadership, tempo of work, group decision-making 1) fine arts, literature, drama, classical music, popular music, folk dancing, games, cooking, dress 2) eye behavior, contextual conversation patterns, social interaction rite, facial expressions (3)conception of cleanliness, attitudes towards dep