05章化学平衡讲稿.ppt

职称: 副教授 办公地点:化604和化512 联系方式O) 职务: 化学化工系主任 身 高： 体 重； 三 围： 绪论 0.1 物理化学的目的和内容 0.2 物理化学的研究方法 0.2 物理化学的研究方法 0.2 物理化学的研究方法 0.3 物理化学的建立与发展 0.3 物理化学的建立与发展 0.3 物理化学的建立与发展 0.4 近代化学的发展趋势和特点 化学学科的发展趋势 化学学科的发展趋势 化学学科的发展趋势 化学学科的发展趋势 化学学科的发展趋势 0.5 物理化学课程的学习方法 Introduction A schematic indication of the relative sizes of ions and molecules and the average separation of ions in a 1 M NaCl aqueous solution. There are typically about three H2O molecules between ions. Cations tend to be found near anions, and vice versa. Cations are hydrated by weak bonding with the O atoms of neighbouring H2O molecules; anions are hydrated by weak bonding through the H atoms. Introduction Introduction A representation of the quantization of the energy of different types of motion. Free translational motion in an infinite region is not quantized, and the permitted energy levels form a continuum. Rotation is quantized, and the separation increases as the state of excitation increases. The separation between levels depends on the moment of inertia of the molecule. Vibrational motion is quantized, but note the change in scale between the ladders. The separation of levels depends on the masses of atoms in the molecule and the rigidities of the bonds linking them. Electronic energy levels are quantized, and the separations are typically very large (of the order of 1 eV). Introduction Introduction Several distinct states may correspond to the same energy. That is, each energy level may be degenerate. Three energy levels are shown here, possessing one, three, and five distinct states. Introduction Introduction The wavelength, l, of a wave is the peak-to-peak distance. (b) The wave is shown travelling to the right at a speed c; at a given location, the instantaneous amplitude of the wave changes through a complete cycle (the four dots show half a cycle) as it passes a given point, and the frequency, n, is the number of cycles per second that occur at a given point.