chemicalBonding化学键讲稿.pptVIP

Chemical Bonding Chemical bond: attractive force holding two or more atoms together. Covalent bond results from sharing electrons between the atoms. Usually found between nonmetals. Ionic bond results from the transfer of electrons from a metal to a nonmetal. Metallic bond: attractive force holding pure metals together. Chemical Bonds, Lewis Symbols, and the Octet Rule Figure 8.3: Ionic Bonding Figure 8.5: Covalent Bonding Chemical Bonds Bond Type Single Double Triple # of e’s 2 4 6 Notation — = ? Bond order 1 2 3 Bond strength Increases from Single to Triple Bond length Decreases from Single to Triple Strengths of Covalent Bonds Lewis Symbols Chemical Bonds, Lewis Symbols, and the Octet Rule The Octet Rule All noble gases except He has an s2p6 configuration. Octet rule: atoms tend to gain, lose, or share electrons until they are surrounded by 8 valence electrons (4 electron pairs). Caution: there are many exceptions to the octet rule. Chemical Bonds, Lewis Symbols, and the Octet Rule Bond Polarity and Electronegativity Electronegativity Electronegativity: The ability of one atoms in a molecule to attract electrons to itself. Pauling set electronegativities on a scale from 0.7 (Cs) to 4.0 (F). Electronegativity increases across a period and down a group. Figure 8.6: Electronegativities of Elements Electronegativity Bond Polarity and Electronegativity Figure 8.7: Electronegativity and Bond Polarity There is no sharp distinction between bonding types. The positive end (or pole) in a polar bond is represented ?+ and the negative pole ?-. HyperChem Drawing Lewis Structures Follow Step by Step Method (See Ng Web-site) Total all valence electrons. [Consider Charge] Write symbols for the atoms and guess skeleton structure [ define a central atom ]. Place a pair of electrons in each bond. Complete octets of surrounding atoms. [ H = 2 only ] Place leftover electrons in