DatabaseSystems（資料庫系統）.pptVIP

Database Systems(資料庫系統) October 31, 2005 Lecture #6 Physical Digital Space Interaction Consider moving a pencil … Physical space movement mapping to digital space Digital space movement mapping to physical space Which one is more difficult? The Actuated Workbench (MIT media lab) Course Administration Assignment #2: due 11/2 Assignment #3: post on the course homepage Due 11/8 (next Tuesday) Practicum Assignment #1: Post on the course homepage on 11/7 Next Week Reading: Chapter 9 Reflection How to design a database? Conceptual design: ER Model Logical design: Relational Model How to ask questions on a database? Relational Algebra SQLs What’s next? How to get fast access to records? File organizations indexes What’s further next? How to optimize query processing time? Overview of Storage Indexing Chapter 8 Outline Types of external storage devices File organizations Questions: How to store table records on external storage device (e.g., a disk)? How to speed up access to needed records on a disk? Heap file, Sorted file Indexing data structures Tree-based indexing, Hash-based indexing Comparison on file organizations Question: which one is better/worse in performance? Indexes and Performance Question: how to use indexing for better performance? Data on External Storage External Storage: offer persistent data storage Unlike physical memory, data saved on a persistent storage is not lost when the system shutdowns or crashes. Types of External Storage Devices Magnetic Disks: Can retrieve random page at fixed cost ~$1 per Gigabyte But reading several consecutive pages is much cheaper than reading them in random order Tapes: Can only read pages in sequence $0.3 per Gigabyte Cheaper than disks; used for archival storage Other types of persistent storage devices: Optical storage (CD-R, CD-RW, DVD-R, DVD-RW) Flash memory Definition A record is a tuple or a row in a relation table. Fixed-size records or variable-size records A file is a collection of records. S