中山大学《细胞生物学》思考题 99问题答案.docVIP

99级 四问答 1. Dynamic instability causes microtubules either to grow or to shrink rapidly. Consider an individual microtubule that is in its shrinking phase. (1). What would happen if only GDP, but no GTP, were present in the solution? (2). What would happen if the solution contained an analogue of GTP that cannot be hydrolyzed? （1）If only GDP were present, microtubules would continue to shrink and eventually disappear, because tubulin dimers with GDP have very low affinity for each other and will not add stably to microtubules. (2). If GTP is present but cannot be hydrolyzed, microtubules will continue to grow until all free tubulin subunits have been used up. 2. How does regulated secretion differ from constitutive secretion? Regulated secretion occurs only in response to a signal. The proteins to be secreted are stored in special secretory vesicles. Sorting into the regulated secretory pathway is controlled by selective protein aggregation. Constitutive secretion appears to occur by default with secretory proteins, which do not selectively aggregate being included in transport vesicles. 3. Consider a protein that contains an ER signal sequence at its amino terminus and a nuclear localization sequence in its middle. What do you think the fate of this protein would be? Explain your answer. The protein is translocated into the ER. Its ER signal sequence is recognized as soon as it emerges from the ribosome. The ribosome then becomes bound to the ER membrane, and the growing polypeptide chain is transferred through the ER translocation channel. The nuclear localization sequence is therefore never exposed to the cytosol. It will never encounter nuclear import receptors, and the protein will not enter the nucleus. 4. 什么是蛋白质N-连接糖基化和O-连接糖基化？发生在何种部位？ 答：加在于粗面内质网上合成的蛋白质上的糖基可由两种途径连接：通过天冬氨酸残基的N原子或通过丝氨酸和苏氨酸残基的O原子。N-连结糖蛋白合成的第一步在粗面内质网上进行，糖链是从磷酸多萜醇转移至新生肽链上。这种糖基化在高尔基体中继续被修饰。O-连结的糖基化是在高尔基体中进行的。 5. 过氧化物酶体是怎样进行氧浓度调节的?有什么意义? 过氧化物酶体中的氧化酶都是利用分子氧作为氧化剂, 催化下面的化学