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A tiered ecological risk assessment of three chlorophenols.pdf

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A tiered ecological risk assessment of three chlorophenols

RESEARCH ARTICLE A tiered ecological risk assessment of three chlorophenols in Chinese surface waters Xiaowei Jin Jijun Gao Jinmiao Zha Yiping Xu Zijian Wang John P. Giesy Kristine L. Richardson Received: 1 September 2011 /Accepted: 2 November 2011 /Published online: 18 November 2011 # Springer-Verlag 2011 Abstract Introduction The ecological risks posed by three chlor- ophenols (CPs), 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP), 2,4,6- trichlorophenol (2,4,6-TCP), and pentachlorophenol (PCP) in Chinese surface waters were assessed. Materials and methods This was achieved by applying a tiered ecological risk assessment (ERA) approach ranging from deterministic methods to probabilistic options to measured concentrations of CPs in surface water of seven major watersheds and three drainage regions in China and the chronic toxicity data for indigenous Chinese species. Results and discussion The results show that the risks of three chlorophenols are ranked PCP2,4-DCP≈2,4,6-TCP. PCP posed little ecological risk while 2,4-DCP and 2,4,6- TCP posed negligible or de minimis risk in Chinese surface water. However, the risks varied with different river basins, for example, PCP posed some ecological risk in the Yangtze, Huaihe, and Pearl Rivers. The magnitude of 2,4- DCP and 2,4,6-TCP pollution in North China was more serious than that in South China. Conclusion The probabilistic risk assessment approach, which can provide more information for risk managers Responsible editor: Philippe Garrigues Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s11356-011-0660-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. X. Jin : J. Gao : J. Zha :Y. Xu : Z. Wang (*) State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing Rd 18, Haidian District, Beijing 100085, People’s Republic of China e-mail: wangzj@ J. Gao Department of Water Environment Research, Chi