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Afterglow lightcurves, viewing angle and the jet structure of gamma-ray bursts.pdf

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Afterglow lightcurves, viewing angle and the jet structure of gamma-ray bursts

a r X i v : a s t r o - p h / 0 1 1 2 0 8 3 v 3 9 M a y 2 0 0 2 Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 000, 000–000 (0000) Printed 1 February 2008 (MN LATEX style file v2.2) Afterglow lightcurves, viewing angle and the jet structure of γ-ray bursts Elena Rossi, Davide Lazzati Martin J. Rees Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, England e-mail: emr,lazzati,mjr@ast.cam.ac.uk 1 February 2008 ABSTRACT Gamma ray bursts are often modelled as jet-like outflows directed towards the ob- server; the cone angle of the jet is then commonly inferred from the time at which there is a steepening in the power-law decay of the afterglow. We consider an alter- native model in which the jet has a beam pattern where the luminosity per unit solid angle (and perhaps also the initial Lorentz factor) decreases smoothly away from the axis, rather than having a well-defined cone angle within which the flow is uniform. We show that the break in the afterglow light curve then occurs at a time that depends on the viewing angle. Instead of implying a range of intrinsically different jets – some very narrow, and others with similar power spread over a wider cone – the data on afterglow breaks could be consistent with a standardized jet, viewed from different angles. We discuss the implication of this model for the luminosity function. Key words: Gamma–rays: bursts — X–rays: general — X–rays: ISM 1 INTRODUCTION There are strong reasons for suspecting that the emitting plasma of γ-ray bursts (GRBs) is geometrically beamed in a cone. The energy requirements can then be reduced be- low the exorbitant levels that isotropic emission would im- ply (Kulkarni et al. 1999) and in most models for the long bursts it is in any case a natural expectation – borne out by simulations (MacFadyen Woosley 1999; MacFadyen, Woosley Heger 2001) – that the relativistic outflow from a central engine should be collimated along a channel that opens up along the rotation axis of a ma