- 1、本文档共6页,可阅读全部内容。
- 2、原创力文档(book118)网站文档一经付费(服务费),不意味着购买了该文档的版权,仅供个人/单位学习、研究之用,不得用于商业用途,未经授权,严禁复制、发行、汇编、翻译或者网络传播等,侵权必究。
- 3、本站所有内容均由合作方或网友上传,本站不对文档的完整性、权威性及其观点立场正确性做任何保证或承诺!文档内容仅供研究参考,付费前请自行鉴别。如您付费,意味着您自己接受本站规则且自行承担风险,本站不退款、不进行额外附加服务;查看《如何避免下载的几个坑》。如果您已付费下载过本站文档,您可以点击 这里二次下载。
- 4、如文档侵犯商业秘密、侵犯著作权、侵犯人身权等,请点击“版权申诉”(推荐),也可以打举报电话:400-050-0827(电话支持时间:9:00-18:30)。
查看更多
Handling Failures in Human-Computer Conversation
Handling Failures in Human-Computer Conversation
Tim Paek
Department of Psychology
Stanford University
Stanford, CA 94305
U.S.A.
paek@psych.stanford.edu
Abstract. Uncertainty plays a central role in the handling of failures in conversation.
People manage uncertainty by establishing and maintaining the mutual belief that their
utterances have been understood well enough for current purposes, a process referred to
as grounding. In this paper, we propose a computational architecture for supporting
grounding in human-computer spoken dialog. We delineate four levels of analysis and
describe representations and inference procedures for resolving key uncertainties that
may lead to communication failures. We illustrate the architecture by reviewing inter-
actions between a user and a prototype spoken dialog system called the Bayesian Re-
ceptionist.
Keywords: Bayesian Receptionist, Conversation, Decision Theory, Human-Computer
Interaction, Misunderstanding, Spoken Dialog
1. Introduction
When people engage in a conversation, they typically do so with the intent of making
themselves understood. To do this they need to make sure, as they speak, that the other
participants are at the same time attending to, hearing, and understanding what they are
saying. Since uncertainty about these aspects can result in communication failures,
people collaborate to establish and maintain the mutual belief that their utterances have
been understood well enough for current purposes (Clark and Schaefer, 1987, 1989).
An example of this process is feedback. To establish the mutual belief that an utterance
was sufficiently understood, people will give feedback of their understanding through
head nods or acknowledgements, such as “uh huh.” If they do not understand, they will
try to clear up their uncertainties. In short, people coordinate not only what they say but
also their beliefs about what they mutually understand.
Researchers in linguistics, psychology, and artificial intelligence have argue
您可能关注的文档
- Fragment-based image completion.pdf
- Framework-Specific Modeling Languages with Round-Trip Engineering.pdf
- Free-space optical communication link across 16 kilometers over the Chesapeake Bay to a modulated.pdf
- Free motion time-of-arrival operator and probability distribution.pdf
- Fragmentation Status of Tall-Tussock Grassland Relicts in the Flooding Pampa, Argentina.pdf
- FreeBSD 7.0 和其他BSD系统的性能比较.pdf
- Freescale_ADAS_solutions 2013.pdf
- From Brain Theory To Autonomous Robotic Agents.pdf
- FROM ECUMENISM TO SILENT APOSTASY.pdf
- From zero resistance states to absolute negative conductivity in microwave irradiated 2D el.pdf
文档评论(0)