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Free motion time-of-arrival operator and probability distribution
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EHU-FT/9901, quant-ph/9905023
Free motion time-of-arrival operator and probability distribution
I.L. Egusquiza1 and J.G. Muga2
1Fisika Teorikoaren Saila, Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, 644 P.K., 48080 Bilbao, Spain
2Departamento de F??sica Fundamental II, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
(February 1, 2008)
We reappraise and clarify the contradictory statements found in the literature concerning the time-
of-arrival operator introduced by Aharonov and Bohm in Phys. Rev. 122, 1649 (1961). We use
Naimark’s dilation theorem to reproduce the generalized decomposition of unity (or POVM) from
any self-adjoint extension of the operator, emphasizing a natural one, which arises from the analogy
with the momentum operator on the half-line. General time operators are set within a unifying
perspective. It is shown that they are not in general related to the time of arrival, even though they
may have the same form.
PACS: 03.65.-w
I. INTRODUCTION
Even though there is no question that experimental-
ists measure distributions of time of arrival for quantum
systems, there has been a long debate about the capa-
bilities of standard quantum mechanics to address the
very concept of time as an observable. In a nutshell,
the problem arises because we expect observables to be
represented in the quantum formalism by self-adjoint op-
erators, whereas an old theorem of Pauli [1] states that
for a semibounded self-adjoint operator H? no conjugate
self-adjoint operator T? can exist, i.e., no operator that is
self-adjoint and satisfies the canonical commutation re-
lation [H?, T? ] = ih? over a dense domain. In other words,
there is no self-adjoint time operator if the Hamiltonian
is bounded from below, as we normally expect it to be.
However the theorem has not discouraged theorists from
attempting to fit such an immediate classical concept into
the standard framework (see [2] for a general discussion).
In
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