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iPS and lineage reprogramming prospects for bone regeneration
EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS/INDUCED PLURIPOTENT STEM CELLS
Concise Review: Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells and Lineage
Reprogramming: Prospects for Bone Regeneration
DAMIR J. ILLICH,a NECATI DEMIR,a MIODRAG STOJKOVIC?,b,c MARTIN SCHEER,d DANIEL ROTHAMEL,d
JO?RG NEUGEBAUER,d JU?RGEN HESCHELER,a,e JOACHIM E. ZO?LLERd
aMedical Center, Institute for Neurophysiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; bSpebo Medical,
Leskovac, Serbia; cHuman Genetics, Medical Faculty, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia; dDepartment
for Oral and Cranio-maxillo and Facial Plastic Surgery, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; eCenter for
Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
Key Words. Induced pluripotent stem cells ? Lineage reprogramming ? Bone regeneration ? Osteogenic differentiation
ABSTRACT
Bone tissue for transplantation therapies is in high demand
in clinics. Osteodegenerative diseases, in particular, osteo-
porosis and osteoarthritis, represent serious public health
issues affecting a respectable proportion of the elderly pop-
ulation. Furthermore, congenital indispositions from the
spectrum of craniofacial malformations such as cleft palates
and systemic disorders including osteogenesis imperfecta
are further increasing the need for bone tissue. Addition-
ally, the reconstruction of fractured bone elements after
accidents and the consumption of bone parts during surgical
tumor excisions represent frequent clinical situations with
deficient availability of healthy bone tissue for therapeutic
transplantations. Epigenetic reprogramming represents a
powerful technology for the generation of healthy patient-
specific cells to replace or repair diseased or damaged tis-
sue. The recent generation of induced pluripotent stem cells
(iPSCs) is probably the most promising among these
approaches dominating the literature of current stem cell
research. It allows the generation of pluripotent stem cells
from adult human skin cells from which potentially
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