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The Ethics of Belief
The Ethics of Belief
? If scepticism about the external world is true,
should we, therefore, suspend belief about
the world – i.e. neither believe nor disbelieve
what the senses tell us?
? Well, perhaps we should IF we wish to believe
only what is true.
? That is Descarte’s provisional conclusion, and
Unger’s is that we cannot claim certainty.
1
The Ethics of Belief
? Clifford wants to argue for an even stronger
conclusion:
We have a moral obligation not to believe if we
do not have sufficient evidence.
? So, if Unger is right, we can go ahead and
believe that there is an external world, but we
are ought not believe that we can be certain
of it.
2
The Ethics of Belief
? Clifford gives some examples of cases where
accepting propositions on insufficient
evidence has genuinely harmful
consequences.
? Then he argues that this extends to all cases of
beliefs.
3
The Ethics of Belief
? A belief is, by its very nature, something that
guides our actions. Even insignificant beliefs
will have consequences on how we behave.
? No belief is a private matter. Our beliefs are
formed, in part, by social forces and
themselves contribute to forming others’
beliefs.
4
The Ethics of Belief
? Because of these two facts, any belief we
have, no matter how seemingly insignificant,
no matter who holds it, potentially has an
impact on the well being of others.
? “No simplicity of mind, no obscurity of station
can escape the universal duty of questioning
all that we believe”
5
The Ethics of Belief
? But knowing is a very desirable state. It gives
us a sense of power over our circumstances,
whereas we are powerless and afraid if we
don’t know.
? This is because in order to know how to act,
we need to have information – know what is
true. Creatures without correct information
about the world die out before reproducing
their kind.
6
The Ethics of Belief
? Because knowledge is power, we have a great
incentive to come to settled, secure, views
about everything.
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