电子科大无线传感器网络wsn_chapter_4_物理层技术分析.ppt

Chapter 4: Physical Layer 物 理 层 数据链路层 网 络 层 传 输 层 应 用 层 能 量 分 配 移 动 管 理 应 用 优 化 无线传感器网络协议 物理层的功能 物理层定义了物理接口的机械、电气、功能和过程（同步）特性 提供信号的编码和解码、时钟提取、发送和接收比特流、载波检测等功能 指定了传输速率、基带传输或宽带传输、拓扑结构、传输介质和连接设备 物理层的媒介包括平衡电缆、光纤、无线信道等。 物理层的核心功能 信道选择 信道能量检测（energy detect ,ED）； 空闲信道评估 （clear channel assessment ,CCA）； 无线信道收发数据 （PHY Protocol Data Unit）； 接收包链路质量 （link quality indication, LQI）的检测 典型数字通信系统 无线传感器网络物理层 物理层为设备之间的数据通信提供传输媒体及互连设备，为数据传输提供可靠的环境 物理层的媒体包括平衡电缆、光纤、无线信道等。 在传感器网络中，主要的挑战性工作是确定调制方式和收发机的体系结构，使之具有简单、低成本的特性，并且能够提供所需要的足够稳健的服务。 无线传感器网络物理层主要负责数据的调制与解调、发送与接收，是决定WSN的节点体积、成本以及能耗的关键 无线传感器网络物理层是WSN的研究重点之一 Overview Signal distortion – wireless channels From waves to bits Channel models Modulation Frequency bands Physical layer design Wireless channel propagation Attenuation (衰减): As the signal wave propagates through air, the signal strength is attenuated. Proportional to the distance traveled over the air Results in path loss for radio waves Reflection(反射) and refraction(折射): When a signal wave is incident at a boundary between two different types of material a certain fraction of the wave bounces off the surface, reflection. a certain fraction of the wave propagates through the boundary, refraction. Wireless channel propagation Diffraction(衍射): When signal wave propagates through sharp edges such as the tip of a mountain or a building, the sharp edge acts as a source, New waves are generated Signal strength is distributed to the new generated waves. Scattering(散射): In reality, no perfect boundaries. When a signal wave is incident at a rough surface, it scatters in different directions Wireless Channel Wireless transmission distorts any transmitted signal Wireless channel describes these distortion effects Sources of distortion Attenuation – Signal strength decreases with increasing distance Reflection/refraction – Signal bounces of a surface; enter material Non-line-of-sight Because of reflection, scattering, …, radio communication is not limited to direct