10 Developmental-Mchildhood1 social.pdf

1Zhou Hui Developmental Psychology Middle Childhood: Physical and Cognitive Development Zhou Hui Developmental Psychology Outline Piaget – CONCRETE OPERATIONAL STAGE: Conservation, Decentration, Reversibility – 水平滞差Horizontal décalage – Inductive logic – class inclusion Zhou Hui Developmental Psychology A schematic model of the human information processing system 长时记忆 短时／工作记忆 感觉登记 产生反应 执行控制 Metacognition [元认知] Zhou Hui Developmental Psychology Middle Childhood: Personality and Social Development Zhou Hui Developmental Psychology Erikson SchoolIndustry vs. Inferiority 勤奋对自卑 School Age (6 to 12 years) Zhou Hui Developmental Psychology 6 自我概念 SELF-concept Self-concept – Sum total of attributes, abilities, attitudes, and values of an individual Defines who he or she is Behaviorist Trait psychologist Social-cognitive psychologist 2Zhou Hui Developmental Psychology 7 Self-Esteem Self-esteem 自尊 –Sense of self-worth 我是否有许多值得自豪的地方？ 我是一个有用的人吗？ 我的存在有价值吗？ Zhou Hui Developmental Psychology 8 Development of Self-Esteem 层次结构Hierarchically Structured – Contexts of evaluation Classrooms, playgrounds, and peer groups – Age 6 to 7, three self-esteems—学业academic, 社会social, and 生理physical – Physical appearance is primary through adolescence. Zhou Hui Developmental Psychology 9 自尊水平的发展变化 Development of Self-Esteem Changes in Level of Self-Esteem – Preschoolers: usually rate own ability high. – elementary school: Drops in first years; More realistic self- appraisal; From fourth to sixth grade, self-esteem rises. – adolescents： Close friendship, romantic appeal, and job competence For most, self-esteem rises in adolescence Zhou Hui Developmental Psychology Social Cognition-Know about others 7,8岁之前的儿童在描述所认识的人时都是使用具体的、可见的术 语（Livesley Bromley, 1973; Ruble Dweck, 1995）: ★3-5岁的儿童能够知道亲密伙伴在不同环境下的典型行为（Eder, 1989）; ★5-6岁的儿童能够根据愿望和动机等主观心理状态解释他人的行 为，开始做类似特征推论； ★7-16岁的儿童对具体因素的依赖越来越少，更多使用心理描述来 形容他们的朋友和熟人。 ★14-16岁的青少年不但知道他们熟悉的人在性格上的相似和不相 似，也知道很多情境因素（病痛、家人不合）会使人的行为和其 性格有出入（Damon Hart,