Geometric vs. Dynamical Gates in Quantum Computing Implementations Using Zeeman and Heisenb.pdfVIP

a r X i v : 0 7 1 1 .2 7 7 3 v 4 [ q u a n t - p h ] 1 2 S e p 2 0 0 8 Europhys. Lett. 83, 50002 (2008) Geometric vs. Dynamical Gates in Quantum Computing Implementations Using Zeeman and Heisenberg Hamiltonians Yu Shi? Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China Quantum computing in terms of geometric phases, i.e. Berry or Aharonov-Anandan phases, is fault-tolerant to a certain degree. We examine its implementation based on Zeeman coupling with a rotating field and isotropic Heisenberg interaction, which describe NMR and can also be realized in quantum dots and cold atoms. Using a novel physical representation of the qubit basis states, we construct π/8 and Hadamard gates based on Berry and Aharonov-Anandan phases. For two interacting qubits in a rotating field, we find that it is always impossible to construct a two-qubit gate based on Berry phases, or based on Aharonov-Anandan phases when the gyromagnetic ratios of the two qubits are equal. In implementing a universal set of quantum gates, one may combine geometric π/8 and Hadamard gates and dynamical √ SWAP gate. PACS numbers: 03.67.Lx, 03.65.Vf, 73.21.La Berry phase is the geometric phase accumulated in a cycle of the adiabatically varying parameters of the Hamiltonian, depending only on the path in the param- eter space [1]. Aharonov-Anandan phase, for which adi- abaticity is not necessary, is the geometric phase accu- mulated in a cycle of the state itself, depending only on the path in the projected Hilbert space of rays [2]. In- sensitive to dynamical details, they have been exploited as a hardware approach to fault-tolerant quantum com- puting [3, 4, 5, 6]. The basic idea is the following. For one or two qubits, one finds a set of basis states |ψi〉, each of which is designed to transform only by a geomet- ric phase γgi : |ψi〉 → eiγ g i |ψi〉. Then an arbitrary state transforms as ∑ ai|ψi〉 → ∑ aie iγg i |ψi〉. Consequently quantum gates based on geometric phases may be con- structe